The Age of Enlightenment has often been portrayed as a dogmatic period on account of the veritable worship of reason and progress that characterized Eighteenth Century thinkers. Even today the philosophes are considered to have been completely dominated in their thinking by an optimism that leads to dogmatism and ultimately rationalism. However, on closer inspection, such a conception seems untenable, not only after careful study of the impact of scepticism on numerous intellectual domains in the period, but also as a result of a better understanding of the character of the Enlightenment. As Giorgio Tonelli has rightly observed: ¿the Enlightenment was indeed the Age of Reason but one of the main tasks assigned to reason in that age was to set its own boundaries.¿ Thus, given the growing number of works devoted to the scepticism of Enlightenment thinkers, historians of philosophy have become increasingly aware of the role played by scepticism in the Eighteenth Century, even in those places once thought to be most given to dogmatism, especially Germany. Nevertheless, the deficiencies of current studies of Enlightenment scepticism are undeniable. In taking up this question in particular, the present volume, which is entirely devoted to the scepticism of the Enlightenment in both its historical and geographical dimensions, seeks to provide readers with a revaluation of the alleged decline of scepticism. At the same time it attempts to resituate the Pyrrhonian heritage within its larger context and to recapture the fundamental issues at stake. The aim is to construct an alternative conception of Enlightenment philosophy, by means of philosophical modernity itself, whose initial stages can be found herein. ¿

Sébastien Charles is full Professor of History of Philosophy at the Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), where he is the director of the Laboratoire de recherche sur la pensée moderne. He has published numerous books and articles on early modern French philosophers, from Descartes to Fouchet and Huet, on Berkeley and the French Enlightenment, and on the history of scepticism. Plínio Junqueira Smith is professor at Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil. He was educadet at Universidade de São Paulo, was head of the Graduate Programm at the Universidade São Judas Tadeu, and a visiting scholar at Wolfson College, Oxford. He has published works on Hume, modern philosophy from Montaigne to Kant, contemporary scepticism and the history of scepticism.

Introduction, S. Charles, P. Smith.- What is Enlightenment Scepticism? A Critical Rereading of Richard Popkin, S. Charles.- Bayle and Pyrrhonism: Antinomy, Method, and History, P. Smith.- Fideism, Scepticism, or Free-Thought? The Dispute between Lamy and Saint-Laurens about Metaphysical Knowledge, S. Malinowski-Charles.- Leibniz's Anti-Scepticism, A. Pelletier.- The Protestant Critics of Bayle at the Dawn of the Enlightenment, A. Matytsin.- The 'Wise Pyrrhonism' of the Académie Royale des Sciences of Paris: Natural Light and Obscurity of Nature according to Fontenelle, L. Peterschmitt.- Shaftesbury, Hutcheson and Moral Scepticisms, P. Kail.- A New Source for Hume's Treatise: Bayle and the First Half of the Section 'Of the immateriality of the Soul', G. Paganini.- Hume's Reply to Baylean Scepticism, T. Ryan.- How Can we Know if Scepticism is Right or Wrong? Hume and Reid's Epistemological Answers, C. Etchegaray.- Enfield's Brucker and Christian Anti-scepticism in Enlightenment Historiography of Philosophy, J.- C. Laursen.- Reasonable Scepticism in the French Enlightenment: some connections between Jean-Baptiste Boyer d'Argens, Louis de Beausobre and Voltaire, N. Correard.- Forms and Aims in Voltairean Scepticism, S. Pujol.- D'un scepticisme involontaire à un scepticisme existentiel. Un parcours philosophique dans l'œuvre de Rousseau, M.-A. Nadeau.- An Uneasy Relationship:  Atheism and Scepticism in the Late French Enlightenment, A. Kors.- From universal Pyrrhonism to Revolutionary Scepticism: Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville, S. Charles.- Kant's Criticism and the Legacy of Modern Scepticism, P. Smith.- Maimon, scepticisme et Lumières, I. Radrizzani.- Scepticisme et dialectique des Lumières chez le jeune Hegel, I. Testa.- Hegel on Scepticism and Irony, M. Biscuso.- Fichte et Schopenhauer face au scepticisme de Schulze, E. Brandão.- Building without a Foundation: On the Equating of Enlightenment with Scepticism in Post-Revolutionary French Thought, F. Brahami.- Scepticisme et Lumières selon Lamennais, P. Knee.