I Theory of Surface Structure.- I. 1 General Discussion.- 1. Theory of Surface Reconstruction.- 2. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Transition-Metal Surfaces, Interfaces and Overlayers.- 3. The Binding of Adsorbates to Metal Surfaces.- I.2 Specific Applications.- 4. Energy Minimization Calculations for Diamond (111) Surface Reconstructions.- 5. Ttal Energies and Atom Locations at Solid Surfaces.- 6. Theory of Hydrogen on Metal Surfaces.- II New Surface Structure Techniques.- II. 1 Techniques Based on Electrons.- 7. The Surface Topography of a Pd(100) Single Crystal and Glassy Pd81Si19 Studied by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.- 8. Theory of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope.- 9. Reflection Electron Microscopy Studies of Crystal Lattice Termination at Surfaces.- II. 2 Techniques Based on Photons and Other Probes.- 10. Surface Structure by X-Ray Diffraction.- 11. Optical Transitions and Surface Structure.- 12. High-Resolution Infrared Spectroscopy and Surface Structure.- 13. Optical Second Harmonic Generation for Surface Studies.- 14. NMR and Surface Structure.- III Developments in Existing Techniques.- III. 1 LEED and Electron Propagation.- 15. Determination of Surface Structure by LEED.- 16. Structure Determination of Molecular Adsorbates with Dynamical LEED and HREELS.- 17. Computer Controlled LEED Intensity and Spot Profile Determination.- 18. On the Role of Space Inhomogeneity of Electron Damping in LEED.- 19. Attenuation of Isotropically Emitted Electron Beams.- III. 2 Diffuse LEED, NEXAFS/XANES and SEXAF5.- 20. LEED, XANES and the Structure of Disordered Surfaces.- 21. The Structure of Organic Adsorbates from Elastic Diffuse LEED.- 22. Multiple Scattering Effects in Near-Edge X-Ray Absorption Spectra.- 23. NEXAFS and SEXAFS Studies of Chemisorbed Molecules: Bonding, Structure and Chemical Transformations.- 24. Current Status and New Applications of SEXAFS: Reactive Chemisorption and Clean Surfaces.- III. 3 High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS).- 25. Electron-Phonon Scattering and Structure Analysis.- 26. Shape Resonances in OH Groups Chemisorbed on the (100) Surface of Ge-Si Alloys.- 27. Structure and Temperature-Dependent Polaron Shifts on Si(111) (2 × 1).- III. 4 Atom and Ion Scattering.- 28. Surface Structure Analysis by Atomic Beam Diffraction.- 29. Structure Analysis of a Semiconductor Surface by Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ICISS): Si(111) R30°$$\sqrt{3} \times \sqrt{3}$$ Ag.- III. 5 Photoemission.- 30. Surface Structure Determination with ARPEFS.- 31. Angle Resolved XPS of the Epitaxial Growth of Cu on Ni(100).- 32. Evidence for Diffusion at 80K of Gold Atoms Through Thin, Defective Oxide Layers.- III. 6 Neutron Scattering.- 33. Surface Characterization by the Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons from Adsorbates.- 34. Infrared and Neutron-Scattering Studies of Ethene Adsorbed onto Partially Exchanged Zinc A Zeolite.- IV Clean and Adsorbate-Covered Metals.- IV. 1 Clean Metal Surfaces.- 35. Theoretical Study of the Structural Stability of the Reconstructed (110) Surfaces of Ir, Pt and Au.- 36. The Structure and Surface Energy of Au(llO) Studied by Monte Carlo Method.- 37. Long- and Short-Range Order Fluctuations in the H/W(100) System.- IV. 2 Atomic Adsorption on Metal Surfaces.- 38. Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Study of a Chemisorption System: Oxygen on Cu(llO) Surface.- 39. Helium Diffraction from Oxygen-Covered Nickel Surfaces.- 40. Competing Reconstruction Mechanisms in H/Ni(110).- IV. 3 Molecular Adsorption on Metal Surfaces.- 41. The Uses and Limitations of ESDIAD for Determining the Structure of Surface Molecules.- 42. The Study of Simple Reactions at Surfaces by High-Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy.- V Semiconductors.- V. 1 Elemental Semiconductors.- 43. Triangle-Dimer Stacking-Fault Model of the Si(111)7x7 Surface Bonding Configuration.- 44. Structure of the Si(111)2x1 Surface.- 45. Refinement of the Buckled-Dimer Model for Si(001)2x1.- 46. Surface Relaxation and Vibrational Excitations on the Si(001)2x1 Surface.- V. 2 Compound Semiconductors.- 47. The Geometric Structure of the (2 × 2)GaAs(lll) Surface.- 48. A Comparison Between the Electronic Properties of GaAs(111) and GaAs($$\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}$$).- 49. X-Ray Diffraction from the (3 × 3) Reconstructed ($$\bar{1}\bar{1}\bar{1}$$)B Surface of InSb.- V. 3 Adsorbate-Covered Semiconductors.- 50. Atomic and Electronic Structure of p(lxl) Overlayers of Sb on the the (110) Surfaces of III-V Semiconductors.- 51. Models for Si(111) Surface upon Ge Adsorption.- 52. The Graphite (0001)-(2 × 2)K Surface Intercalated Structure.- VI Defects and Phase Transitions.- VI. 1 Theoretical Aspects.- 53. Engergetics of the Incommensurate Phase of Krypton on Graphite: A Computer Simulation Study.- 54. Theory of Commensurate-Incommensurate Phase Transitions on W(001).- 55. Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Dislocation-Depinning Transitions in Mismatched Overlayers.- 56. Quantitative Analysis of LEED Spot Profiles.- 57. Measurement of the Specific Heat Critical Exponent Using LEED.- 58. Short Range Correlations in Imperfect Surfaces and Overlayers.- 59. Domain Size Determination in Heteroepitaxial Systems from LEED Angular Profiles.- VI. 2 Experimental Studies.- 60. Diffusion and Interaction of Adatoms.- 61. Atom-Probe and Field Ion Microscope Studies of the Atomic Structure and Composition of Overlayers on Metal Surfaces.- 62. LEEO Studies of Physisorbed Noble Gases on Metals and Interadatom Interactions.- 63. Phases and Phase Transitions in Two Dimensional Systems with Competing Interactions.- 64. Diffraction from Pinwheel and Herringbone Structures of Nitrogen and Carbon Monoxide on Graphite.- 65. X-Ray Scattering Studies: The Structure and Melting of Pb on Cu(110) Surfaces.- Index of Contributors.