Substance misuse and addictions are a public health issue. They affect the well-being of each community and nation as a whole. It is, therefore, necessary to identify, educate, and treat individuals who are addicted to substances. Policies and procedures go hand-in-hand with public health education and safety. The science behind the public health issues of one drug may be applicable to other drugs as well.

However, marshalling all of the aforementioned information into a single source is somewhat difficult due to the wide array of material. The Editors address this by compiling the research in this single reference work that serves as a "one-stop-shopping" approach to everything readers need to know about the scientific basis of public health and addictions and agents of misuse.

Apart from active agents that have a plant or chemical basis, there is a need to consider that there are other forms of addiction which may have common modes of causality or prevention. These include food addiction, gaming, gambling, and other non-drug addictions. These types of addiction may be related to the addiction of drugs.

The Handbook of Substance Misuse and Addictions: From Biology to Public Health offers a holistic understanding of the relationship between public health and substance misuse. The text provides a common platform upon which other forms of addiction or substance misuse can be understood and treated. Addiction processes involve understanding the biological processes as well as behavior, psychology, sociology, and public health, all of which are interlinked. This Handbook is a useful reference for lecturers, students, researchers, practitioners, and other professionals in public health, addiction science, epidemiology, health education, health promotion, and health sciences.

Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently a Reader in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster and honorary fellow at King¿s College London in the United Kingdom. He presently directs studies on metabolic pathways involved in liver disease, particularly related to mitochondrial energy regulation and cell death. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol, and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of liver disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in Alzheimer¿s disease and gastrointestinal dysfunction in autism. Dr. Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King¿s College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Dr. Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher, and was involved in several NIH-funded biomedical grants related to alcoholic liver disease. Dr. Patel has edited biomedical books in the area of toxic agents (alcohol) and health prevention, and has published over 150 articles. In 2014, he was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRCPath, FRSC, is a senior member of King's College London in the United Kingdom. He is also Director of the Genomics Centre and a member of the School of Medicine. Professor Preedy has academic interests in addictions and substance misuse. He is a member of the Editorial Board of Drug and Alcohol Dependence, as well as Associate Editor of Frontiers in Addictive Disorders. He is a founding member of the Editorial Board of Addiction Biology. In his career Professor Preedy was attached to the Addictive Behaviour Centre at the Roehampton Institute, and also Reader at the School of Pharmacy London. He has collaborated with research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, the United States, and Germany. Professor Preedy graduated in 1974 with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. He gained his PhD at the University of London in 1981. In 1992, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists and in 1993 he gained his second Doctoral degree, for his contribution to the science of protein metabolism in health and disease largely focused around the impact of ethanol as an addictive substance. Professor Preedy was elected as a Fellow of the Institute of Biology in 1995 and to the Royal College of Pathologists in 2000. Since then he has been elected as a Fellow to the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health (2004) and The Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene (2004). In 2009, Professor Preedy became a Fellow of the Royal Society for Public Health and in 2012 a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 600 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts, and symposium presentations, reviews, and numerous books and volumes.

[1] Foundations of Understanding and Setting the Scene

Global patterns of opioid misuse Prof. L. Degenhardt, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail: l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au

The global burden of disease attributable to agents of addiction: a focus on alcohol Prof. L. Degenhardt, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail: l.degenhardt@unsw.edu.au

Linking attitudes to substance misuse: the opinions of the young Prof. N. Hamzaoglu, Institution of Medical Science, Istanbul Yeni Yuzyil University, Maltepe Mahallesi, Yilanli Ayazma Caddesi, No: 26 P.K. Cevizlibag Zeytinburnu, Istanbul 34010, Turkey. E-mail: nurcanhamzaoglu@gmail.com

Drivers of substance use and misuse: a focus on opiods Prof. J.R. Thompson, Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, 130 De Soto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States. E-mail: jrthompson@pitt.edu

Quality of life and treatment for substance use Prof. V. Manning, Monash Addiction Research Centre, Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, 110 Church Street, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia. E-mail: victoria.manning@monash.edu

Treatment programs: what they are and how they work with a focus on opioids Prof. J.G. Katzman, Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, School of Medicine, MSC 07 4245, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, United States. E-mail: jkatzman@salud.unm.edu

Linking problematic internet use and other addictions and substance misuse: a focus on alcohol and cannabis Prof. S. Lanthier-Labonte, 1255, rue Beauregard, Longueuil, Quebec J4K 2M3, Canada. E-mail: stephanie.lanthier-labonte@USherbrooke.ca

Chronic pain and prescription opioid addiction Prof. B.G. Messina, Veteran Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, United States. E-mail: bmessina@ucsd.edu

Socioeconomic status and drug use among students Prof. S. Molinaro, Epidemiology and Health Research Lab, Institute of Clinical Physiology-IFC, National Research Council of Italy-CNR, Via G. Moruzzi, 1, Pisa 56124, Italy. E-mail: sabrina.molinaro@ifc.cnr.it

Substance use disorders. the elderly and public health concerns Prof. L. Li, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 George St. Suite 901, New Haven, CT 06510, United States. E-mail: luming.li@yale.edu

[2] Tobacco

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may also briefly describe public heath aspects as well.

Lung Injury and e-Cigarette (Vaping) Prof. J.A. Wilken, California Department of Public Health, Building P, 850 Marina Bay Pkwy, Richmond, CA 94804, United States. E-mail: jason.wilken@cdph.ca.gov OR Prof. S.S. Kumbhar, Department of Pediatric Radiology, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and the Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 W. Wisconsin Ave., MS-721, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States. E-mail: skumbhar@chw.org

Cigarette use and none lung conditions: a focus on periodontal disease Prof. S.-I. Jang, Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. E-mail: jangsi@yuhs.ac

E-cigarettes and effects on neurological systems Prof. M. Aschner, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, United States. E-mail: michael.aschner@einsteinmed.org

Tobacco products and cancer (focus on Waterpipe Hookah)Prof. B.K. Kudhair, Department of Laboratory Investigations, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq. E-mail: bassamk.sharuza@uokufa.edu.iq

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

Poly-tobacco use Prof. J. McQuoid, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States. E-mail: Julia.mcquoid@ucsf.edu

Secondhand smoking: impact on health Prof. C.S. Hadjichristodoulou, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Thessaly Faculty of Medicine, Larissa, Greece. E-mail: xhatzi@med.uth.gr

E-cigarettes and youths: public health concerns Prof. M.J. Eisenberg, Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Cote-Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada. E-mail: mark.eisenberg@mcgill.ca

National tobacco control policies Prof. J.K. Lee, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. E-mail: ephljk@nus.edu.sg

Smoking cessation practices: public health impact Prof. Y. Weiss, Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada. E-mail: yonatan.weiss@medportal.ca

Employee tobacco outcomes and tobacco-policy Prof. C.M. Kava, Health Promotion Research Center, Department of Health Services, University of Washington, 1107 NE 45th St., Seattle, WA 98105, United States. E-mail: ckava@uw.edu

Linking tobacco use and opioid use disorders: public health implications Prof. M.D. Cheatle, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Suite 500, Room 541, United States. E-mail: cheatle@pennmedicine.upenn.edu

[3] Alcohol

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe public heath aspects as well.

Alcoholic liver disease Prof. T. Miloh, Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, 6701 Fannin Street, Houston, TX 77030, United States. E-mail: Tamir.miloh@bcm.edu OR Prof. G. Szabo, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States. E-mail: gyongyi.szabo@umassmed.edu

Alcohol and lungs Prof. V. Sivaraman, North Carolina Central University, MTSC 2104, 1801 Fayetteville St., Durham, NC 27707, United States. E-mail: vsivaram@nccu.edu

Alcohol-induced deaths Prof. S.M. Manson, Centers for American Indian and Alaska Native Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, 13055 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, United States. E-mail: spero.manson@cuanschutz.edu

Alcohol and cancer Prof. S.B. Meyer, School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada. E-mail: samantha.meyer@uwaterloo.ca

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

The extent of drinking: a focus on alcohol consumption in young adults Prof. C. Tabernero, Department of Social Psychology, Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y Leon-INCYL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca 37007, Spain. E-mail: carmen.tabernero@usal.es

Public health policies on alcohol Prof. H. Jiang, Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University Level 5, HS2, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia. E-mail: Jason.Jiang@latrobe.edu.au

Taxation of beer as a public health strategy Prof. B. Vandenberg, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Level 5, Building H, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, Victoria 3145, Australia. E-mail: Brian.Vandenberg@monash.edu

Government monopoly, alcohol Prof. R. Room, Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia. E-mail: R.Room@latrobe.edu.au

The alcohol purchase license: features, applications and public health implications Prof. B. Johnson, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 600 East Genesee Street, Syracuse, NY 13202, United States. E-mail: johnsonb@upstate.edu

Alcohol use among different groups: Hispanic Americans and public health implications Prof. P.P. Lui, Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, United States. E-mail: plui@smu.edu

Service use for alcohol problems Prof. J.L. Bourdon, From Washington University in St. Louis, (JLB, RT, MWF, KKB, VVM), St. Louis, MO, United States. E-mail: jlbourdon@wustl.edu

Mass media strategies, and alcohol related policies: Implications for public health Prof. A.S.P. Christensen, Department of Prevention & Information, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark. E-mail: asc@cancer.dk

[4] Cannabinoids

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.

Endocannabinoid signaling Prof. S. Patel, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States. E-mail: sachin.patel@vanderbilt.edu

Neurobiology, memory and cannabis Prof. T. Rubino, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via Manara 7, Busto Arsizio, VA 21052, Italy. E-mail: tiziana.rubino@uninsubria.it

Synthetic cannabinoids Prof. J.J. Keating, Analytical & Biological Chemistry Research Facility (ABCRF), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. E-mail: jj.keating@ucc.ie

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

Impact of parental cannabis: Implications for public health Prof. N. Berthelot, Professor of Psychology, Universite du Quebec a Trois-Rivieres, Department of Nursing Sciences, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivieres, Quebec G9A 5H7, Canada. E-mail: nicolas.berthelot@uqtr.ca

Linking cannabis usage and illicit drugs use: Implications for public health Prof. E. Mehanovic, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Torino 10043, Italy. E-mail: emina.mehanovic@unito.it

Gender and cannabis usage Prof. N. Hemsing, Centre of Excellence for Women's Health, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada. E-mail: nhemsing@cw.bc.ca

Cannabis and violence Prof. N.S. Miller, CEO of Health Advocates PLLC, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States. E-mail: milleradvocatespllc@outlook.com

Monitoring cannabis usage Prof. P. Olla, School of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Windsor, Windsor N9B 3P4, Canada. E-mail: phillip.olla@uwindsor.ca

Cannabis legalization and policy Prof. D. Hammond, School of Public Health & Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. E-mail: dhammond@uwaterloo.ca

Public health issues of legalizing cannabis Prof. W. Hall, Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia. E-mail: w.hall@uq.edu.au

Cannabis and regulatory approaches Prof. M.J. Eisenberg, Divisions of Cardiology and Clinical Epidemiology, Jewish General Hospital/McGill University, 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Suite H-421, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada. E-mail: mark.eisenberg@mcgill.ca

[5] Caffeine

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.

Caffeine metabolism: measures and polymorphisms Prof. Y. Ishii, Ohyaguchi 30-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan. E-mail: ishii.yukimoto@nihon-u.ac.jp

Caffeine and impact on blood vessels Prof. S.F. Cortes, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil. E-mail: sfcortes@icb.ufmg.br

Acute caffeine and biology effects on muscle Prof. J. Del Coso, Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain. E-mail: juan.delcoso@urjc.es

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

Caffeine consumption over time Prof. G.R. Quadra, Laboratorio de Ecologia Aquatica, Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Ecologia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil. E-mail: gabrielle.quadra@ecologia.ufjf.br

Caffeine consumption in defined populations: students Prof. V.P.K. Sriperumbuduru, Unit of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia. E-mail: drpawansp@gmail.com

Caffeine and fetal health: implications for public health Prof. S. Moosavi, Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: moosavisanaz@yahoo.com

Problematic caffeine use: features and treatments Prof. M.M. Sweeney, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States. E-mail: marymsweeney@jhmi.edu

Caffeine, sleep and treatments and public health implications Prof. S. Cho, Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, South Korea. E-mail: scho@pknu.ac.kr

Acute caffeine and athletes Prof. M. Wilk, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice 40-065, Poland. E-mail: m.wilk@awf.katowice.pl

Caffeine consumption and cancer risk Prof. L. Yaghjyan, Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. E-mail: lyaghjyan@ufl.edu

Caffeine and blood pressure: A narrative Prof. R. De Giuseppe, Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. E-mail: rachele.degiuseppe@unipv.it

[6] Areca and Khat

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.

Areca alkaloids Prof. A.A. Franke, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, United States. E-mail: adrian@cc.hawaii.edu

Assessment of effects of areca and fibrosis Prof. E. Aftab, Peoples Nursing School (PNS), LUMHS, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. E-mail: rattiisaacraja@gmail.com

The Catha Edulis Cathinone and brain metabolites Prof. F. Islam, Neuroscience and Toxicology Unit, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Ministry of Education, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: drfislam@gmail.com

Cathinone and Cytochrome P450 Prof. Y. Pan, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia. E-mail: panyan1980@hotmail.com

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

Areca nut trade Prof. S. Arora, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. E-mail: arorashells76@yahoo.co.in

Areca-nuts and cancer Prof. R.V. Pillai, Volunteers Against Smoking and Tobacco, Tiruchirapalli, India. E-mail: vregu@yahoo.co.in

Areca nut chewing and oral health Prof. I.E. Rieuwpassa, Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. E-mail: drgirene@yahoo.com

Global policy on areca nut rof. H. Mehrtash, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850, United States. E-mail: hedieh.mehrtash@nih.gov

Khat abuse in defined populations: prisoners Prof. Y. Yitayih, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia. E-mail: yemenu2007@gmail.com

Khat and driving (author to include other agents but describe khat first Prof. E. Han, College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, South Korea. E-mail: homepage2600@duksung.ac.kr

Khat derived agents and misuse: a focus on methylmethcathinone Prof. A. Ameline, Institut de medecine legale, 11, rue Humann, Strasbourg 67085, France. E-mail: ameline.alice@gmail.com

Khat consumption and household economies Prof. Z.G. Gudata, Haramaya University, CHAMPS Ethiopia, Harar, Ethiopia. E-mail: zergirma@gmail.com

Khat, cathinone and psychostimulantion Prof. S.J. Simmons, Center for Substance Abuse Research (CSAR), Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB 881A, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States. E-mail: steven.james.simmons@gmail.com

[7] Prescription Medications and Opioids

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.

Disordered eating and prescription stimulants Prof. S.K. Nutley, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States. E-mail: snutley@ufl.edu

Prescription opioid abuse and modelling substrains K.K. Szumlinski, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States. E-mail: karen.szumlinski@psych.ucsb.edu

The orexin system, prescription opioid use disorder and Orexin-1 receptor blockade Prof. A. Matzeu, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550, North Torrey Pines Road, SR-107, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States. E-mail: amatzeu@scripps.edu

Biology of morphine addiction Prof. J. Listos, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a St, Lublin 20-093, Poland. E-mail: a.listos@umlub.pl

Brain areas heroin addiction Prof. C. Zhang, Department of Psychology & Key Laboratory of Psychological Assessment and Rehabilitation for Exceptional Children, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjing Road, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province 524048, China. E-mail: neurobiologyzhang@yahoo.com

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

Linking prescription opioid use and other drugs Prof. K. DeBeck, Simon Fraser University, B.C. Centre on Substance Use, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2A9, Canada. E-mail: bccsu-kd@bccsu.ubc.ca

Prescription opiod and cocaine users: Prof. Y. Liu, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. E-mail: yliu26@ufl.edu

Prescription drug misuse and cannabis Prof. E.V. Fedorova, Department of Community Health and Prevention, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States. E-mail: evf26@drexel.edu

Young people and prescription pain relievers extra-medically Prof. M.A. Parker, Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, 1 South Prospect Street, SATC-UHC, Burlington, VT 05401, United States. E-mail: maria.parker@uvm.edu

Students performance and prescription stimulant and opioid misuse rof. T.S. Schepis, Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, United States. E-mail: schepis@txstate.edu

Prescription opioid use, pain and negative affects Prof. J. Stevens, Center for Biobehavioral Health, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States. E-mail: Jack.Stevens@nationwidechildrens.org

Misuse of gabapentinas a prescription drugs, Prof. M.E. Buttram, ARSH: Center for Applied Research on Substance Use and Health Disparities, Nova Southeastern University, 7255 NE 4th Ave., Suite 112, Miami, FL 33138, United States. E-mail: mance.buttram@nova.edu

Geographic patterns and prescription opioids: a focus on New York Prof. J.L. Romeiser, Program in Public Health, Department of Family, Population, and Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States. E-mail: Jamie.Romeiser@stonybrookmedicine.edu

Heroin addiction Prof. K. Szott, Sociology and Anthropology, Earlham College, Richmond, IN, United States. E-mail: kszott@gmail.com

Causes of heroin use Prof. X. Yang, Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States. E-mail: xyang@odu.edu

Abuse-Deterrent Formulation of Extended-Release Morphine Prof. E.R. Kinzler, Inspirion Delivery Sciences, LLC, Morristown, NJ, United States. E-mail: eric.kinzler@inspirionrx.com

[8] Stimulants

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.

The biology of cocaine midbrain circuits Prof. S.J. Simmons, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States. E-mail: steven.james.simmons@gmail.com

Psychological and brain-behaviour of methphetamine dependence Prof. M. Alikhani, Department of Psychiatry, Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: M.alikhani18@yahoo.com

The biology of amphetamine and linking in accumbal dopamine Prof. G.L. Forster, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. E-mail: gina.forster@otago.ac.nz

Public Health Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the public health impact of the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may briefly describe biological aspects as well.

Substance use patterns in cocaine users Prof. Y. Liu, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States. E-mail: yliu26@ufl.edu

Cocaine consumption by wastewater analysis Prof. J. Navarro-Zaragoza, Department of Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Spain. E-mail: jnavarrozaragoza@um.es

Adulterants in drugs: cocaine perspectives Prof. A.P. Trevizol, Centro de Referencia de Alcool, Tabaco e Outras Drogas (CRATOD), Secretaria de Saude do Estado de Sao Paulo, Rua Prates, 165, Bom Retiro, Sao Paulo, SP 01120-001, Brazil. E-mail: alisson.trevizol@hotmail.com

Methamphetamine: Prevalence usage and its prevalence Prof. S.A. Larson, Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States. E-mail: samantha.larson@ufl.edu

Crystal methamphetamine and sexual risk Prof. M.J. Mimiaga, Center for Health Equity Research, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States. E-mail: matthew_mimiaga@brown.edu

Chronic methamphetamine and psychosis pathways Prof. M. van den Buuse, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. E-mail: m.vandenbuuse@latrobe.edu.au

Impact of amphetamine exposure during adolescence Prof. S.R. Boomhower, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Bldg 1, Boston, MA, United States. E-mail: sboomhower@hsph.harvard.edu

Amphetamine in urine: impact and implications for public health Prof. E. Gallardo, Centro de Investigacao em Ciencias da Saude, Universidade da Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, Covilha 6201-556, Portugal. E-mail: egallardo@fcsaude.ubi.pt

Sensitization to amphetamine Prof. J. Harro, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia. E-mail: jaanus.harro@ut.ee

Depression and quality of life in amphetamine addiction Prof. A. Ahmadzade, Kolahdooz Alley, Ansarolhossein Street, Azadegan Plaza, Qom 37198-68791, Iran, Islamic Republic of. E-mail: ahmadzadeh.a68@gmail.com

[9] Club Drugs

Biological Aspects

Authors are expected to briefly review or list, within their chapters, the range of biological effects imparted by the agent, derivatives or metabolites they are writing about. Authors may describe public heath aspects as well.

3,4-Methylenedioxyme