Selected as a Doody’s Core Title for 2023!


Orthopaedic Knowledge Update® 14, edited by Leesa M. Galatz, MD, MBA, FAAOS, and Frederick M. Azar, MD, FAAOS, brings you a comprehensive synthesis of the latest clinical thinking and best practices across all orthopaedic specialty areas. OKU® 14 covers developments of the last three years with revisions and updates based on new evidence, outcomes, and innovations in the recent literature, including annotated references. Keep pace with the rapidly evolving body of orthopaedic knowledge and clinical practice with OKU’s objective, balanced coverage. Backed by clinical research, informed by practical experience, and rigorously edited by thought leaders across the orthopaedic specialties, OKU®14 is your most up-to-date resource to guide your delivery of high-quality orthopaedic patient care today.

Section 1: General Topics

SECTION EDITOR:
William M. Mihalko, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 1
Orthopaedic Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Vinod Dasa, MD, FAAOS
Raveendhara R. Bannuru, MD, PhD
Jessica C. Rivera, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 2
Biostatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Melissa Orr, BS
Nicolas S. Piuzzi, MD
Chapter 3
Orthopaedic Patient Safety: Core
Competencies and Communication
Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Aaron M. Baessler, MD
Thomas W. Throckmorton, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 4
Regulation of Orthopaedic Products . . . 33
Veronica Fleck, MS, RAC
Mehdi Kazemzadeh- Narbat, PhD, PMP, CQA
Samuel Pollard, RAC
S. Raymond Golish, MD, PhD, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 5
Health Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Mohamed E. Awad, MD, MBA
Khaled J. Saleh, MD, MPH, MHCM (Harv), FRCSC, CPE
Chapter 6
Preoperative Evaluation and
Postoperative Care of the
Orthopaedic Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Ian M. Duensing, MD
James A. Browne, MD
Chapter 7
Coagulation and Blood
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
William G. Hamilton, MD, FAAOS
Sean E. Slaven, MD
Chapter 8
Musculoskeletal Biomechanics and
Biomaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Kenneth L. Urish, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Gregory S. Lewis, PhD
Eni Halilaj, PhD
Chapter 9
Musculoskeletal Imaging
Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
John A. deVries, MD, MS
Narayan Sundaram, MD, MBA
Rex Haydon, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 10
Patient Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Frank Johannes Plate, MD, PhD
Andrew M. Schwartz, MD
Thorsten M. Seyler, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 11
New Technology in Orthopaedic
Surgery: Robotics, Artificial
Intelligence, and Machine
Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Hani Haider, PhD
Beau J. Kildow, MD
CONTENTSSection 2: Translational Science
and Emerging Technologies
SECTION EDITOR:
Francis Young-In Lee, MD, PhD, Hon MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 12
Structure and Biology of Normal
and Diseased Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
David Clever, MD, PhD
Cecilia Pascual- Garrido, MD, PhD
Regis O’Keefe, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 13
Biomaterials and Implants: Regenerative
Engineering Approaches for
Orthopaedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Samuel J. Laurencin, MD, PhD
Wayne Cohen- Levy, MD, MS
Chapter 14
Musculoskeletal Mechanics and
Kinesiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Christian Klemt, PhD
Young- Min Kwon, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 15
Normal and Abnormal Fracture
Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Francis Y. Lee, MD, PhD, Hon MBA, FAAOS
Hicham Drissi, PhD
Chapter 16
Articular Cartilage Biology,
Osteoarthritis, Biologics, and Stem
Cell Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Karin A. Payne, PhD
Lacey Favazzo, PhD
Michael Zuscik, PhD
Chapter 17
Muscle and Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . 209
Qingnian Goh, PhD
Roger Cornwall, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 18
Orthopaedic Infections and
Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
James E. Cassat, MD, PhD
Chapter 19
Applications of Three- Dimensional
Technologies in Orthopaedic
Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Daniel H. Wiznia, MD, FAAOS
Lisa Lattanza, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 20
Inflammation and Immunology . . . . . 243
Benjamin F. Ricciardi, MD, FAAOS
Edward M. Schwarz, PhD
Section 3: Trauma
SECTION EDITOR:
Jonah Hebert- Davies, MD, FRCSC, FAAOS
Chapter 21
Polytrauma Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Milton T. M. Little, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Geoffrey S. Marecek, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 22
Management of Open Fractures . . . . 273
Kevin J. Perry, MD, DPT
Matthew R. Garner, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 23
Upper Extremity Trauma . . . . . . . . . . 283
Mara Schenker, MD, FAAOS
Michael McDonald, DO
Thomas Moore Jr, MD
Chapter 24
Lower Extremity Trauma . . . . . . . . . . 295
Augustine M. Saiz Jr, MD
Ryan Mayer, MD
Timothy Achor, MD, FAAOSChapter 25
Pelvic Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
L. Henry Goodnough, MD, PhD
Conor P. Kleweno, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 26
Spinal Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Sreeharsha V. Nandyala, MD
Nicholas T. Spina, MD
Section 4: Shoulder
SECTION EDITOR:
Bradford O. Parsons, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 27
Shoulder Anatomy, Biomechanics,
Clinical Evaluation, and Imaging . . . . 337
Alicia K. Harrison, MD, FAAOS
Michael L. Knudsen, MD
Chapter 28
Rotator Cuff Disease, Calcific
Tendinitis, Adhesive Capsulitis,
Throwing Shoulder, and Instability . . . 349
Kevin J. Cronin, MD, MS
Surena Namdari, MD, MSc, FAAOS
Chapter 29
Shoulder Arthritis and
Arthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Melissa A. Wright, MD
Anand M. Murthi, MD, FAAOS
Section 5: Elbow
SECTION EDITOR:
Aaron M. Chamberlain, MD, MSc, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 30
Anatomy, Biomechanics, Physical
Examination, and Imaging of the
Elbow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Benjamin Zmistowski, MD
Chapter 31
Elbow Degenerative Conditions
and Nerve Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Robert L. Brochin, MD
Joseph F. Styron, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Jason C. Ho, MD
Chapter 32
Tendinopathy, Throwing Injuries, and
Elbow Ligament Reconstruction . . . . 403
Noah J. Quinlan, MD
Peter N. Chalmers, MD, FAAOS
Section 6: Hand and Wrist
SECTION EDITORS:
Jeffrey G. Stepan, MD, MSc
Martin I. Boyer, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 33
Anatomy, Clinical Examination, and
Imaging of the Hand and Wrist . . . . . 425
Martin I. Boyer, MD, FAAOS
Jeffrey G. Stepan, MD, MSc
Chapter 34
Bone and Soft- Tissue Infections and
Vascular Conditions of the Hand
and Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Bilal Mahmood, MD
Warren C. Hammert, MD
Chapter 35
Neuropathies and Hand Arthritis . . . 441
Jeffrey G. Stepan, MD, Msc
Christina M. Nypaver Cebulko, MD
Chapter 36
Ligament Injuries of the Wrist . . . . . . 455
Nichole A. Joslyn, MD
Sanjeev Kakar, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 37
Tendon Injuries and Tendinopathies
of the Hand and Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Kendrick Au, MD, MSc
Nina Suh, MD, FAAOSChapter 38
Hand and Wrist Injuries, Fractures,
and Reconstruction: Microsurgery
and Replantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Abhiram R. Bhashyam, MD, PhD
Jerry I. Huang, MD, FAAOS
Section 7: Hip and Femur
SECTION EDITOR:
Calin Stefan Moucha, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 39
Anatomy and Biomechanics,
Evaluation, Clinical Examination,
and Imaging of the Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Mitchell C. Weiser, MD, MEng, FAAOS
Ferdinand J. Chan, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 40
Early Degenerative Conditions of
the Hip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Erik N. Hansen, MD, FAAOS
Stephanie E. Wong, MD
Ishaan Swarup, MD
Chapter 41
Muscular, Neurovascular, and
Soft- Tissue Conditions of the Hip . . . 521
Blair S. Ashley, MD
Yale A. Fillingham, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 42
End- Stage Hip Degeneration and
Hip Reconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Brett L. Hayden, MD
Darwin Chen, MD, FAAOS
Section 8: Knee
SECTION EDITORS:
Sabrina Strickland, MD, FAAOS
Beth Shubin Stein, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 43
Ligament Injuries to the Knee . . . . . . 547
Jacqueline M. Brady, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 44
Articular Cartilage of the Knee:
Defects, Degeneration, and
Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Cassandra A. Lee, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 45
Meniscal Pathology, Repair, and
Transplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Jocelyn Wittstein, MD, FAAOS
Kendall Bradley, MD
Alison Toth, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 46
Knee Arthritis and Reconstruction . . 579
Vonda J. Wright, MD, MS, FAAOS
Elizabeth B. Gausden, MD, MPH, FAAOS
Section 9: Foot and Ankle
SECTION EDITORS:
David Joseph Ciufo, MD
Kenneth J. Hunt, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 47
Foot and Ankle Anatomy and
Biomechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Marissa D. Jamieson, MD
T. Jay Kleeman, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 48
Degenerative Conditions and
Osteonecrosis of the Foot and
Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Jensen K. Henry, MD
Constantine A. Demetracopoulos, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 49
The Diabetic Foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Bonnie Y. Chien, MD
Lew C. Schon, MD, FAAOS
Eric W. Tan, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 50
Foot and Ankle Reconstruction . . . . . 625
Meghan Kelly, MD, PhDSection 10: Spine
SECTION EDITOR:
Wesley H. Bronson, MD, MS
Chapter 51
Spine Anatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Samuel K. Cho, MD, FAAOS
David A. Weiner, MD
Jonathan Lee, MD
Chapter 52
Spine Evaluation, Clinical
Examination, and Imaging . . . . . . . . . 659
Themistocles S. Protopsaltis, MD, FAAOS
Karan S. Patel, MD
Chapter 53
Cervical Degenerative Conditions . . . 669
Jose A. Canseco, MD, PhD
Brian A. Karamian, MD
Gregory R. Toci, MD
Alan S. Hilibrand, MD, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 54
Thoracolumbar Conditions . . . . . . . . 679
Srikanth N. Divi, MD
Kamil T. Okroj, MD
Alpesh A. Patel, MD, MBA, FAAOS
Chapter 55
Thoracolumbar Minimally Invasive
Surgical Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695
Jason M. Cuéllar, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Neel Anand, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 56
Spinal Column Infections . . . . . . . . . . 705
Barrett Boody, MD
Cristian A. Balcescu, MD
Chapter 57
Current Concepts in Primary Benign,
Primary Malignant, and Metastatic
Tumors of the Spine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
Gideon Blumstein, MD, MS
Matthew W. Colman, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Section 11: Pediatrics
SECTION EDITOR:
Jonathan G. Schoenecker, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Chapter 58
Pediatric Shoulder, Upper Arm,
and Elbow Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Jessica H. Heyer, MD
Alexandre Arkader, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 59
Pediatric Forearm, Wrist, and Hand
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
Kathleen D. Rickert, MD, FAAOS
Jessica Burns, MD, MPH
Chapter 60
Pediatric Upper Extremity
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765
Andrea H.W. Chan, MD, MA, FRCSC
Kevin J. Little, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 61
Pediatric Pelvis, Hip, and Femur
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
Stephanie L. Logterman, MD
Keith D. Baldwin, MD, MSPT, MPH, FAAOS
Chapter 62
Pediatric Knee, Lower Extremity,
and Ankle Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Jaime R. Denning, MD, MS, FAAOS
Chapter 63
Pediatric Hip Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 811
Vidyadhar V. Upasani, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Jessica L. Hughes, MD
Chapter 64
Pediatric Lower Extremity and
Foot Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Jill C. Flanagan, MD, FAAOS
Jaclyn F. Hill, MD, FAAOS
Raymond W. Liu, MD, FAAOSChapter 65
Pediatric Athletic Injuries . . . . . . . . . . 847
Eric W. Edmonds, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 66
Pediatric Spine Disorders and
Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Craig R. Louer, MD
R. Carter Clement, MD, MBA
Joshua B. Holt, MD
Chapter 67
Pediatric Skeletal Dysplasias,
Connective Tissue Disorders,
and Other Genetic Conditions . . . . . . 881
W. G. Stuart Mackenzie, MD, FAAOS
Kevin A. Morash, MD, MEd, FRCSC
Jeanne M. Franzone, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 68
Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders . . . 903
Colyn Watkins, MD
Benjamin J. Shore, MD, MPH, FRCSC
Chapter 69
Pediatric Musculoskeletal Infection,
Inflammatory Conditions, and
Nonaccidental Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Stephanie N. Moore- Lotridge, PhD
Nathaniel Lempert, MD
Jonathan G. Schoenecker, MD, PhD, FAAOS
Section 12: Musculoskeletal
Oncology and Pathology
SECTION EDITOR:
Cara A. Cipriano, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 70
Evaluation and Management of
Musculoskeletal Tumors . . . . . . . . . . 931
Anna R. Cooper, MD, MPH, FAAOS
Nicole Montgomery, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 71
Benign Tumors and Tumorlike
Conditions of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 947
Frank E. Chiarappa, MD
James H. Flint, MD, FACS, FAAOS
Chapter 72
Sarcomas of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Alexandra K. Callan, MD
Jesse L. Roberts, MD
Andrew Park, MD
Chapter 73
Metastatic Tumors of Bone . . . . . . . . 977
Eugene S. Jang, MD, MS
Lee Jae Morse, MD
Andrew S. Fang, MD, FAAOS
Chapter 74
Benign Soft- Tissue Tumors and
Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Lisa A. Kafchinski, MD, FAAOS, FAOA
Chapter 75
Soft- Tissue Sarcomas . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003
Tae Won B. Kim, MD, CPE, FAAOS
Christina J. Gutowski, MD, MPH, FAAOS
Gord Guo Zhu, MD, PhD
Index 1015