From the 39th annual conference of the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT), held in Washington, DC, USA in July 2011, this volume covers aspects of oxygen transport from air to the cells, organs and organisms; instrumentation and methods to sense oxygen and clinical evidence. Oxygen Transport to Tissue XXXIV includes contributions from scientists (physicists, biologists and chemists), engineers, clinicians and mathematicians.

1.    Britton Chance (1913 - 2010): His Life, Times, and Legacy as A Scientist, Engineer, Inventor, Educator, Athlete, Patriot, Philosopher, and an Excellent ISOTT MemberLin Z. Li, Shoko Nioka, and Kyung A. Kang 2.    Effects of Experimentally Deviated Mandibular Position on Stress ResponseAi Amemiya, Tomotaka Takeda, Kazunori Nakajima, Keiichi Ishigami, Takeo Tsujii, and Kaoru Sakatani 3.    Kidney EPO Expression during Chronic Hypoxia in Aged MiceGirriso F. Benderro, and Joseph C. LaManna 4.    Nature's "Silver Bullet" for Anticoagulation: Mechanism of Zymogen Protein C to Activated Protein CDuane F. Bruley, and Michael B. Streiff 5.    Canonical Correlation Analysis in the Study of Cerebral and Peripheral Haemodynamics Interrelations with Systemic Variables in Neonates Supported on ECMOAlexander Caicedo, Maria D. Papademetriou, Clare E. Elwell, Aparna Hoskote, Martin J. Elliott, Sabine Van Huffel, and Ilias Tachtsidis 6.    Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Magnetization Transfer (BOLDMT) EffectKejia Cai, Mohammad Haris, Anup Singh, Lin Z. Li, and Ravinder Reddy 7.    Characterizing Prostate Tumor Mouse Xenografts with CEST & MT MRI and Redox ScanningKejia Cai, He N. Xu, Anup Singh, Mohammad Haris, Ravinder Reddy, and Lin Z. Li 8.    In vitro Sirius Red Collagen Assay Measures the Pattern Shift From Soluble to Deposited CollagenChun Chen, Shanmin Yang, Mei Zhang, Zhenhuan Zhang, Bingrong Zhang, Deping Han, Jun Ma, Xiaohui Wang, Jingshen Hong, Yansong Guo, Paul Okunieff, and Lurong Zhang 9.    Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MR Imaging of the Kidney. Pilot study.Per Eckerbom, Peter Hansell, Tomas Bjerner, Fredrik Palm, Jan Weis, and Per Liss 10.  Changes in Gastric Mucosa, Submucosa & Muscularis IC pH May Herald Irreversible Tissue InjuryElaine M. Fisher, Sheau Huey Chiu, and Joseph C. LaManna 11.  Normobaric Hyperoxia Does Not Change Optical Scattering or Pathlength but Does Increase Oxidised Cytochrome c Oxidase Concentration in Patients with Brain InjuryArnab Ghosha, Ilias Tachtsidis, Christina Kolyva, David Highton, Clare Elwell, and Martin Smith 12.  Multi-frequency Forced Oscillation Technique using Impulse Oscillations - Can it give Mechanical Information about the Lung Periphery?Hiroshi Hamakawa, Hiroaki Sakai, Ayuko Takahashi, Toru Bando, and Hiroshi Date 13.  NIRS Measurements with Elite Speed Skaters: Comparison between the Ice Rink and the LaboratoryCatherine Hesford, Marco Cardinale, Stewart Laing and Chris E. Cooper 14.  Modelling Cerebrovascular Reactivity: A Novel Near Infrared Biomarker of Cerebral Autoregulation?David Highton, Jasmina Panovska-Griffiths, Arnab Ghosh, Ilias Tachtsidis, Murad Banaji, Clare Elwell, and Martin Smith 15.  Oxygen Delivery Deficit in Exercise with Rapid Ascent to High AltitudeLuke Holdsworth, and Christopher Wolff 16.  Oscillations in Cerebral Hemodynamics in Patients with Falciparum MalariaChristina Kolyva, Hugh Kingston, Ilias Tachtsidis, Sanjib Mohanty, Saroj Mishra, Rajya Patnaik, Richard J. Maude, Arjen M. Dondorp, and Clare E. Elwell 17.  Effect of Spinal Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Section on Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Changes: Comparison of Hyperbaric and Isobaric BupivacaineYuko Kondo, Kaoru Sakatani, Noriya Hirose, Takeshi Maeda, Jitsu Kato, Setsuro Ogawa, and Yoichi Katayama 18.  DCX-expressing Neurons Decrease in the Retrosplenial Cortex after Global Brain IschemiaNobuo Kutsuna, Yoshihiro Murata, Takashi Eriguchi, Yoshiyuki Takada, Hideki Oshima, Kaoru Sakatani, and Yoichi Katayama 19.  Calibration and Validation Scheme for In Vivo Spectroscopic Imaging of Tissue OxygenationMaritoni Litorja, Robert Chang, Jeeseong Hwang, David W. Allen, Karel Zuzak, Eleanor Wehner, Sara Best, Edward Livingston, and Jeffrey Cadeddu 20.  Considering the Vascular Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Effect of Copper Associated Amyloid on Red Blood CellsHeather R. Lucas, and Joseph M. Rifkind 21.  The Role of Mitochondrial Proteomic Analysis in Radiological Accidents and TerrorismDavid Maguire, Bingrong Zhang, Amy Zhang, Lurong Zhang, and Paul Okunieff 22.  Alteration of Plasma Galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine Level after IrradiationJun Ma, Deping Han, Mei Zhang, Chun Chen, Bingrong Zhang, Zhenhuan Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Shanmin Yang, Yansong Guo, Paul Okunieff, and Lurong Zhang 23.  Fibroblast Growth Factor-peptide Promotes Bone Marrow Recovery after IrradiationJun Ma, Yanqian Hou, Deping Han, Mei Zhang, Chun Chen, Bingrong Zhang, Zhenhuan Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Shanmin Yang, Yansong Guo, Paul Okunieff, and Lurong Zhang 24.  Dynamic Two-Photon Imaging of Cerebral Microcirculation Using Fluorescently Labeled Red Blood Cells and PlasmaKazuto Masamoto, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Hiroshi Ito, and Iwao Kanno 25.  The Effect of Basic Assumptions on the Tissue Oxygen Saturation Value of Near Infrared SpectroscopyAndreas Jaakko Metz, Martin Biallas, Carmen Jenny, Thomas Muehlemann, and Martin Wolf 26.  The Effect of Sudden Depressurization on Pilots at Cruising AltitudeThomas Muehlemann, Lisa Holper, Juergen Wenzel, Martin Wittkowski, and Martin Wolf 27.  Hypoxia in the Diabetic Kidney is Independent of Advanced Glycation End-productsLina Nordquist, Per Liss, Angelica Fasching, Peter Hansell, and Fredrik Palm 28.  Tumor Oxygen Measurements and Personalized MedicinePaul Okunieff, Walter O¿Dell, Mei Zhang, Lurong Zhang, and David Maguire 29.  Wavelet Cross-Correlation to Investigate Regional Variations in Cerebral Oxygenation in Infants supported on Extra-Corporeal Membrane OxygenationMaria Papademetriou, Ilias Tachtsidis, Martin J. Elliott, Aparna Hoskote, and Clare E. Elwell 30.  Association of the Red Cell Distribution Width with Red Blood Cell DeformabilityKushang V. Patel, Joy G. Mohanty, Bindu Kanapuru, Charles Hesdorffer, William B. Ershler, and Joseph M. Rifkind 31.  Kidney Function after In Vivo Gene Silencing of Uncoupling Protein-2 in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic RatsMalou Friederich Persson, William J. Welch, Christopher S. Wilcox, and Fredrik Palm 32.  Adenosine A2 Receptor-mediated Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and Glomerular Filtration Rate is Abolished in DiabetesPatrik Persson, Peter Hansell, and Fredrik Palm 33.  Can Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Mediate Hypoxic Vasodilation via Nitric Oxide Metabolism?Zimei Rong, Murad Banaji, Tracy Moroz, and Chris E. Cooper 34.  Effects of Occlusal Disharmony on Working Memory Performance and Prefrontal Cortex Activity Induced by Working Memory Tasks Measured by NIRSKaoru Sakatani, Takeo Tsujii, Teruyasu Hirayama, Youichi Katayama, Tomotaka Takeda, Ai Amemiya, and Keiichi Ishigami 35.  Biological Maintenance of Distal Vein ArterializationTadahiro Sasajima, and Tomiyasu Koyama 36.  Bayesian STAI Anxiety Index Predictions Based on Prefrontal Cortex NIRS Data for the Resting StateMasakaze Sato, Wakana Ishikawa, Tomohiko Suzuki, Takashi Matsumoto, Takeo Tsujii, and Kaoru Sakatani 37.  The Effect of Venous and Arterial Occlusion of the Arm on Changes in Tissue Blood Flow/Volume, Oxygenation and Ultra-weak Photon EmissionFelix Scholkmann, Olaf Schraa, Roeland van Wijk, and Martin Wolf 38.  Metabolic Network Analysis of DB1 Melanoma Cells: How much Energy is Derived from Aerobic Glycolysis?A.A. Shestov, A. Mancuso, D. B. Leeper, and J. D. Glickson 39.  Muscle Oxygen Saturation Heterogeneity among Leg Muscles during Ramp ExerciseShun Takagi, Ryotaro Kime, Masatsugu Niwayama, Norio Murase, and Toshihito Katsumura 40.  PET-imaging of the Impact of Extracellular pH and MAP Kinases on the p-glycoprotein (Pgp) ActivityOliver Thews, Wolfgang Dillenburg, Frank Rösch, and Marco Fellner 41.  Meconium and Transitional Stools May Cause Interference with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements of Intestinal Oxygen Saturation in Preterm InfantsAlecia Thompson, Paul Benni, Sara Seyhan, and Richard Ehrenkranz 42.  Acute Effects of Physical Exercise on Prefrontal Cortex Activity in Older Adults: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy StudyTakeo Tsujii, Kazutoshi Komatsu, and Kaoru Sakatani 43.  Blood Flow and Oxygenation Status of Prostate Cancers Peter Vaupel, and Debra K. Kelleher 44.  Targeted Delivery of VEGF to Treat Myocardial InfarctionBin Wang, Rabe'e Cheheltani, Jenna Rosano, Deborah L. Crabbe, and Mohammad F. Kiani 45.  Magnetic Nanoparticles and Thermally-Responsive Polymer for Targeted Hyperthermia and Sustained Anti-Cancer Drug DeliverySarah Y. Wang, Michelle C. Liu, and Kyung A. Kang 46.  NIR Fluorophore-Hollow Gold Nanosphere Complex for Cancer Enzyme Triggered Detection and HyperthermiaJianting Wang, Damon Wheeler, Jin Z. Zhang, Samuel Achilefu, and Kyung A. Kang 47.  Renal Oxygenation and Function of the Rat Kidney: Effects of Inspired Oxygen and Preglomerular Oxygen ShuntingChristopher S. Wilcox, Fredrik Palm, and William J. Welch 48.  Alteration of the Inflammatory Molecule Network after Irradiation of Soft TissueZhenyu Xiao, Shanmin Yang, Ying Su, Wei Wang, Hengshan Zhang, Mei Zhang, Kunzhong Zhang, Yeping Tian, Yongbing Cao, Liangjie Yin, Lurong Zhang, and Paul Okunieff 49.  Imaging the Redox States of Human Breast Cancer Core BiopsiesH. N. Xu, J. Tchou, B. Chance, and L. Z. Li 50.  Early Life Hypoxic or Hypoxic/hypercapnic Stress Alters Acute Ventilatory Sensitivity in Adult MiceKui Xu, Solomon Raju Bhupanapadu Sunkesula, Pengjing Huang, Constantinos P. Tsipis, Thomas Radford, Gerald Babcock, Walter F. Boron, and Joseph C. LaManna 51.  3D Analysis of Intracortical Microvasculature during Chronic Hypoxia in Mouse BrainKouichi Yoshihara, Hiroyuki Takuwa, Iwao Kanno, Shinpei Okawa, Yukio Yamada, and Kazuto Masamoto 52.  Contribution of Brain Glucose and Ketone Bodies to Oxidative MetabolismYifan Zhang, Youzhi Kuang, Joseph C. LaManna, and Michelle A. Puchowicz 53.  Alteration of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA Concentration after IrradiationMei Zhang, Bingrong Zhang, Yansong Guo, Lei Zhang, Shanmin Yang, Liangjie Yin, Sadasivan Vidyasagar, David Maguire, Steve Swarts, Zhenhuan Zhang, Amy Zhang, Lurong Zhang, and Paul Okunieff 5.    Canonical Correlation Analysis in the Study of Cerebral and Peripheral Haemodynamics Interrelations with Systemic Variables in Neonates Supported on ECMOAlexander Caicedo, Maria D. Papademetriou, Clare E. Elwell, Aparna Hoskote, Martin J. Elliott, Sabine Van Huffel, and Ilias Tachtsidis 6.    Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Magnetization Transfer (BOLDMT) EffectKejia Cai, Mohammad Haris, Anup Singh, Lin Z. Li, and Ravinder Reddy 7.    Characterizing Prostate Tumor Mouse Xenografts with CEST & MT MRI and Redox ScanningKejia Cai, He N. Xu, Anup Singh, Mohammad Haris, Ravinder Reddy, and Lin Z. Li 8.    In vitro Sirius Red Collagen Assay Measures the Pattern Shift From Soluble to Deposited CollagenChun Chen, Shanmin Yang, Mei Zhang, Zhenhuan Zhang, Bingrong Zhang, Deping Han, Jun Ma, Xiaohui Wang, Jingshen Hong, Yansong Guo, Paul Okunieff, and Lurong Zhang 9.    Intravoxel Incoherent Motion MR Imaging of the Kidney. Pilot study.Per Eckerbom, Peter Hansell, Tomas Bjerner, Fredrik Palm, Jan Weis, and Per Liss 10.  Changes in Gastric Mucosa, Submucosa & Muscularis IC pH May Herald Irreversible Tissue InjuryElaine M. Fisher, Sheau Huey Chiu, and Joseph C. LaManna 11.  Normobaric Hyperoxia Does Not Change Optical Scattering or Pathlength but Does Increase Oxidised Cytochrome c Oxidase Concentration in Patients with Brain InjuryArnab Ghosha, Ilias Tachtsidis, Christina Kolyva, David Highton, Clare Elwell, and Martin Smith 12.  Multi-frequency Forced Oscillation Technique using Impulse Oscillations - Can it give Mechanical Information about the Lung Periphery?Hiroshi Hamakawa, Hiroaki Sakai, Ayuko Takahashi, Toru Bando, and Hiroshi Date 13.  NIRS Measurements with Elite Speed Skaters: Comparison between the Ice Rink and the LaboratoryCatherine Hesford, Marco Cardinale, Stewart Laing and Chris E. Cooper 14.  Modelling Cerebrovascular Reactivity: A Novel Near Infrared Biomarker of Cerebral Autoregulation?David Highton, Jasmina Panovska-Griffiths, Arnab Ghosh, Ilias Tachtsidis, Murad Banaji, Clare Elwell, and Martin Smith 15.  Oxygen Delivery Deficit in Exercise with Rapid Ascent to High AltitudeLuke Holdsworth, and Christopher Wolff 16.  Oscillations in Cerebral Hemodynamics in Patients with Falciparum MalariaChristina Kolyva, Hugh Kingston, Ilias Tachtsidis, Sanjib Mohanty, Saroj Mishra, Rajya Patnaik, Richard J. Maude, Arjen M. Dondorp, and Clare E. Elwell 17.  Effect of Spinal Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Section on Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Changes: Comparison of Hyperbaric and Isobaric BupivacaineYuko Kondo, Kaoru Sakatani, Noriya Hirose, Takeshi Maeda, Jitsu Kato, Setsuro Ogawa, and Yoichi Katayama 18.  DCX-expressing Neurons Decrease in the Retrosplenial Cortex after Global Brain IschemiaNobuo Kutsuna, Yoshihiro Murata, Takashi Eriguchi, Yoshiyuki Takada, Hideki Oshima, Kaoru Sakatani, and Yoichi Katayama 19.  Calibration and Validation Scheme for In Vivo Spectroscopic Imaging of Tissue OxygenationMaritoni Litorja, Robert Chang, Jeeseong Hwang, David W. Allen, Karel Zuzak, Eleanor Wehner, Sara Best, Edward Livingston, and Jeffrey Cadeddu 20.  Considering the Vascular Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Effect of Copper Associated Amyloid on Red Blood CellsHeather R. Lucas, and Joseph M. Rifkind 21.  The Role of Mitochondrial Proteomic Analysis in Radiological Accidents and TerrorismDavid Maguire, Bingrong Zhang, Amy Zhang, Lurong Zhang, and Paul Okunieff 22.  Alteration of Plasma Galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine Level after IrradiationJun Ma, Deping Han, Mei Zhang, Chun Chen, Bingrong Zhang, Zhenhuan Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Shanmin Yang, Yansong Guo, Paul Okunieff, and Lurong Zhang 23.  Fibroblast Growth Factor-peptide Promotes Bone Marrow Recovery after IrradiationJun Ma, Yanqian Hou, Deping Han, Mei Zhang, Chun Chen, Bingrong Zhang, Zhenhuan Zhang, Xiaohui Wang, Shanmin Yang, Yansong Guo, Paul Okunieff, and Lurong Zhang 24.  Dynamic Two-Photon Imaging of Cerebral Microcirculation Using Fluorescently Labeled Red Blood Cells and PlasmaKazuto Masamoto, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Hiroshi Ito, and Iwao Kanno 25.  The Effect of Basic Assumptions on the Tissue Oxygen Saturation Value of Near Infrared SpectroscopyAndreas Jaakko Metz, Martin Biallas, Carmen Jenny, Thomas Muehlemann, and Martin Wolf 26.  The Effect of Sudden Depressurization on Pilots at Cruising AltitudeThomas Muehlemann, Lisa Holper, Juergen Wenzel, Martin Wittkowski, and Martin Wolf 27.  Hypoxia in the Diabetic Kidney is Independent of Advanced Glycation End-productsLina Nordquist, Per Liss, Angelica Fasching, Peter Hansell, and Fredrik Palm 28.  Tumor Oxygen Measurements and Personalized MedicinePaul Okunieff, Walter O¿Dell, Mei Zhang, Lurong Zhang, and David Maguire 29.  Wavelet Cross-Correlation to Investigate Regional Variations in Cerebral Oxygenation in Infants supported on Extra-Corporeal Membrane OxygenationMaria Papademetriou, Ilias Tachtsidis, Martin J. Elliott, Aparna Hoskote, and Clare E. Elwell 30.  Association of the Red Cell Distribution Width with Red Blood Cell DeformabilityKushang V. Patel, Joy G. Mohanty, Bindu Kanapuru, Charles Hesdorffer, William B. Ershler, and Joseph M. Rifkind 31.  Kidney Function after In Vivo Gene Silencing of Uncoupling Protein-2 in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic RatsMalou Friederich Persson, William J. Welch, Christopher S. Wilcox, and Fredrik Palm 32.  Adenosine A2 Receptor-mediated Regulation of Renal Hemodynamics and Glomerular Filtration Rate is Abolished in DiabetesPatrik Persson, Peter Hansell, and Fredrik Palm 33.  Can Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase Mediate Hypoxic Vasodilation via Nitric Oxide Metabolism?Zimei Rong, Murad Banaji, Tracy Moroz, and Chris E. Cooper 34.  Effects of Occlusal Disharmony on Working Memory Performance and Prefrontal Cortex Activity Induced by Working Memory Tasks Measured by NIRSKaoru Sakatani, Takeo Tsujii, Teruyasu Hirayama, Youichi Katayama, Tomotaka Takeda, Ai Amemiya, and Keiichi Ishigami 35.  Biological Maintenance of Distal Vein ArterializationTadahiro Sasajima, and Tomiyasu Koyama 36.  Bayesian STAI Anxiety Index Predictions Based on Prefrontal Cortex NIRS Data for the Resting StateMasakaze Sato, Wakana Ishikawa, Tomohiko Suzuki, Takashi Matsumoto, Takeo Tsujii, and Kaoru Sakatani 37.  The Effect of Venous and Arterial Occlusion of the Arm on Changes in Tissue Blood Flow/Volume, Oxygenation and Ultra-weak Photon EmissionFelix Scholkmann, Olaf Schraa, Roeland van Wijk, and Martin Wolf 38.  Metabolic Network Analysis of DB1 Melanoma Cells: How much Energy is Derived from Aerobic Glycolysis?A.A. Shestov, A. Mancuso, D. B. Leeper, and J. D. Glickson 39.  Muscle Oxygen Saturation Heterogeneity among Leg Muscles during Ramp ExerciseShun Takagi, Ryotaro Kime, Masatsugu Niwayama, Norio Murase, and Toshihito Katsumura 40.  PET-imaging of the Impact of Extracellular pH and MAP Kinases on the p-glycoprotein (Pgp) ActivityOliver Thews, Wolfgang Dillenburg, Frank Rösch, and Marco Fellner 41.  Meconium and Transitional Stools May Cause Interference with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Measurements of Intestinal Oxygen Saturation in Preterm InfantsAlecia Thompson, Paul Benni, Sara Seyhan, and Richard Ehrenkranz 42.  Acute Effects of Physical Exercise on Prefrontal Cortex Activity in Older Adults: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy StudyTakeo Tsujii, Kazutoshi Komatsu, and Kaoru Sakatani 43.  Blood Flow and Oxygenation Status of Prostate Cancers Peter Vaupel, and Debra K. Kelleher 44.  Targeted Delivery of VEGF to Treat Myocardial InfarctionBin Wang, Rabe'e Cheheltani, Jenna Rosano, Deborah L. Crabbe, and Mohammad F. Kiani 45.  Magnetic Nanoparticles and Thermally-Responsive Polymer for Targeted Hyperthermia and Sustained Anti-Cancer Drug DeliverySarah Y. Wang, Michelle C. Liu, and Kyung A. Kang 46.  NIR Fluorophore-Hollow Gold Nanosphere Complex for Cancer Enzyme Triggered Detection and HyperthermiaJianting Wang, Damon Wheeler, Jin Z. Zhang, Samuel Achilefu, and Kyung A. Kang 47.  Renal Oxygenation and Function of the Rat Kidney: Effects of Inspired Oxygen and Preglomerular Oxygen ShuntingChristopher S. Wilcox, Fredrik Palm, and William J. Welch 48.  Alteration of the Inflammatory Molecule Network after Irradiation of Soft TissueZhenyu Xiao, Shanmin Yang, Ying Su, Wei Wang, Hengshan Zhang, Mei Zhang, Kunzhong Zhang, Yeping Tian, Yongbing Cao, Liangjie Yin, Lurong Zhang, and Paul Okunieff 49.  Imaging the Redox States of Human Breast Cancer Core BiopsiesH. N. Xu, J. Tchou, B. Chance, and L. Z. Li 50.  Early Life Hypoxic or Hypoxic/hypercapnic Stress Alters Acute Ventilatory Sensitivity in Adult MiceKui Xu, Solomon Raju Bhupanapadu Sunkesula, Pengjing Huang, Constantinos P. Tsipis, Thomas Radford, Gerald Babcock, Walter F. Boron, and Joseph C. LaManna 51.  3D Analysis of Intracortical Microvasculature during Chronic Hypoxia in Mouse BrainKouichi Yoshihara, Hiroyuki Takuwa, Iwao Kanno, Shinpei Okawa, Yukio Yamada, and Kazuto Masamoto 52.  Contribution of Brain Glucose and Ketone Bodies to Oxidative MetabolismYifan Zhang, Youzhi Kuang, Joseph C. LaManna, and Michelle A. Puchowicz 53.  Alteration of Circulating Mitochondrial DNA Concentration after IrradiationMei Zhang, Bingrong Zhang, Yansong Guo, Lei Zhang, Shanmin Yang, Liangjie Yin, Sadasivan Vidyasagar, David Maguire, Steve Swarts, Zhenhuan Zhang, Amy Zhang, Lurong Zhang, and Paul Okunieff