This exciting new handbook investigates the characterization of surfaces. It emphasizes experimental techniques for imaging of solid surfaces and theoretical strategies for visualization of surfaces, areas in which rapid progress is currently being made. This comprehensive, unique volume is the ideal reference for researchers needing quick access to the latest developments in the field and an excellent introduction to students who want to acquaint themselves with the behavior of electrons, atoms, molecules, and thin-films at surfaces. It's all here, under one cover!
The Handbook of Surface Imaging and Visualization is filled with sixty-four of the most powerful techniques for characterization of surfaces and interfaces in the material sciences, medicine, biology, geology, chemistry, and physics. Each discussion is easy to understand, succinct, yet incredibly informative. Data illustrate present research in each area of study. A wide variety of the latest experimental and theoretical approaches are included with both practical and fundamental objectives in mind. Key references are included for the reader's convenience for locating the most recent and useful work on each topic. Readers are encouraged to contact the authors or consult the references for additional information.
This is the best ready reference available today. It is a perfect source book or supplemental text on the subject.

ANGLE RESOLVED AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY, D.G. Frank, Introduction, Auger Electron Emission from Solid Surfaces, The Auger Phenomenon, Angle-Resolved Auger Electron Measurements, Experimental Considerations, Auger Electron KE and the "Secant Effect", Incident Radiation, Angle-Resolving Analyzers, Auger Signal Detection, Data Visualization, Theoretical Approaches, Basic Principles, Empirical Trends, Empirical Blocking Model, Inelastic Scattering, Elastic Scattering, Example Applications, Depth Profiling, Monolayer Structure, Bilayer Structure, Single Crystals, Layered Crystals, Acknowledgements, References, Atomic Force Microscopy, A.A. Gewirth and J.R. LaGraff, Introduction, General Principles, AFM Operation, Tip-Sample Interaction, Representative Results, Electrochemistry, Biological Systems, Self-Assembled Langmuir-Blodgett Films, Crystal Dissolution and Growth, Future Prospects, Acknowledgement, References, Auger Electron Spectroscopy, N.H. Turner, Introduction, Basics, Elemental Identification, Surface Sensitivity, Overview of Spectral Features, Instrumentation, Vacuum Systems, Electron Sources, Energy Analyzers, Other Accessories, Spectral Features, Main Spectral Features, Charging, Quantification, Summary, References, Chemical Imaging Using Ion Microscopy, I. Gay and G.H. Morrison, Introduction, Instrumentation, Detection and Image Acquisition Systems, Quantification, Applications of Ion Microscopy, Materials Science and Geology, Biology and Medicine, Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References, Collision Induced Surface Processes, S.T. Ceyer, Introduction, Examples of Collision Induced Surface Processes, Translational Activation, Collision Induced Activation, Collision Induced Desorption, Collision Induced Absorption, Collision Induced Recombinative Desorption, Signficance of Collision Induced Surface Processes, References, Depth Profiling, G.B. Hoflund, Introduction, The Ion Sputtering Process, Pure Materials, Multicomponent Solids, References, Electrochemical Epitaxy, H.M. Baoming, T.E. Lister, and J.L. Stickney, Introduction, Experimental, Electrochemical Atomic Layer Epitaxy, Acknowledgements, References, Electrochemical Nucleation, R. de Levie, The Energetics of Nucleation, The Thermodynamics of Nucleated Monolayer Films, The Kinetics of Nucleation, Growth, Overlap, Experimental Observations, Metal Deposition, The Formation of Salt Layers, Condensation of Adsorbate Films, Relevance for Studies at the Metal-Vacuum Interface, General References, Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Studies of Electroactive Surface Films, S. Bruckenstein and R. Hillman, Principles of the Quartz Crystal Microbalance, In situ Application: The Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Chemical Principles, Chemical Systems, Polymer Films, Metal Oxide Films, Other Systems, Future Prospects, Absolute Measurement of Solvent Content, Crystal Impedance Modeling, Surface Morphology, Summary, References, Electron Beam Lithography, F.J. Hohn, Introduction, Classes of Electron Beam Lithography Tools, Gaussian Round Beam Systems, Variable Shape Beam Systems, Performance Limitations, Resolution, Accuracy, Electron Beam Lithography-Integration Considerations, Proximity Effect, Electron Beam Lithography Applications, Application Emphasis, Application for Nano-Devices, Summary, References, Electron Microscopy, J.M. Cowley, Introduction, The Scattering of High Energy Electrons by Matter, Instruments for Electron Microscopy, Use of Electron Microscopes for Surface Studies, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Plan-View Diffraction and Imaging, Profile Imaging, Transmission Electron Holography, Reflection Electron Microscopy (REM), RHEED and REM, Contrast and Resolution in REM, Scanning Reflection Electron Microscopy, Reflection Electron Energy-Loss Analysis, Reflection Electron Holography, Imaging with Secondary Radiation, Secondary Electron Microscopy, Scanning Auger Microscopy, X-Ray Emission, Special Topics, UHV Instruments, Very Low Voltage Electron Holography, Conclusions, References, Electron Stimulated Desorption-Ion Angular Distribution (ESDIAD), J.T. Yates, Jr., Introduction, The ESDIAD Phenomenon, The ESDIAD Measurement Technique, Selected Examples of ESDIAD Measurements on Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces, Chemisorption on a Metal Surface, Chemisorption on a Semiconductor Surface, Future Directions, Acknowledgements, References, Field Emission Ion Sources for Focused Ion Beams, J. Orloff, Introduction, Field Emission Process, Field Ionization, Field Evaporation, Liquid Metal Ion Sources, Properties of Field Emission Ion Sources, Gas Phase Field Ionization Sources, Liquid Metal Ion Sources, Implications for Focused Ion Beam Formation, References, Field Emission Microscopy, J.J. Hren and J. Liu, Surface Electron Microscopies, Field Electron Emission, Field Emission Microscopy, Field Emission from Crystals, The Theoretical Resolution of FEM, Practical FEM, The FEM of Absorbed Molecules, Combining Field Emission and Field Ion Microscopy, References, Field-Ion Microscopy and Spectroscopy, G. Ehrlich and N. Ernst, Historical Introduction, The Field Ion Microscope, Selected Applications, FIM Variants, The Atom Probe, Field Ion Appearance Energy Spectroscopy, Summary, Acknowledgements, References, Fluid-Fluid Interfaces: Optical Imaging of Capillary Systems, A.D. Nikolov and D.T. Wasan, Introduction, Imaging a Profile of a Fluid by Light Interference Phenomena, Reflection Interferometry, Differential Interferometry, Film Thickness Interferometry, Imaging the Film Structure by Using Diffractive Scattering Phenomena, Imaging Film Structure by Small Angle Diffraction, Imaging Film Structure by Background Light Scattering Diffraction, Imaging Film Structure by Light Scattering, Acknowledgements, References, Fullerenes Viewed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Photoemission, and Inverse Photoemission, J.H. Weaver, Introduction, STM of Fullerene Films, Electron Spectroscopy of Fullerenes, C60 Valence and Conduction Bands, C84 and Graphite Valence Bands, C 1s Satellites and Plasmons for C60, C84, and Graphite, Summary, Acknowledgements, References, High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy, L.L. Kesmodel, Introduction, Experimental Apparatus, Theory, Dipole Scattering, Impact Scattering, Resonance Scattering, Examples, Applications, Supported Catalysts (Metal Clusters), Characterization of Insulators for Silicon Technology, Polar Materials: Oxides, Polymer Surfaces, References, Imaging of Colliodal Particles, E. Matijevic, Introduction, Preparation of Uniform Colloids, Spherical Colloidal Particles, Coated and Hollow Particles, Colloidal Particles of Other Shapes, References, Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy of Surface Active Species, R.P. Sperline and H. Freiser, Introduction, Overview, Research Objectives, Spectra of Adsorbates on Coated Optics, Adsorbate Orientation Studies Using Coated Optics, Advantages and Feasibility of ATR, Literature Applications of ATR, Self-Assembled Mono-/Bi-Layers, Experimental Approach, Spectra of the Surfactants Themselves, Probes Molecules for Film Structure, Materials and Equipment, Infrared Spectroscopy of Surfaces, J. Benziger, Introduction, Principles of Infrared Absorption, Types of Spectrometers, Transmission Spectroscopy, Metal Oxides, Supported Metals, Reflection Spectroscopy, External Reflection, Surface Kinetics, Internal Reflection, Other Techniques, Diffuse Reflectance, Photoacoustic and Photothermal Deflection, Emission Spectroscopy, Summary of Surface Infrared Techniques, References, Langmuir--Blodgett Films, A. Ullman, Introduction, LB Films of Long-Chain Fatty Acids, LB Films of Liquid-Crystalline Amphiphiles, LB Films of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, LB Films of Polymerizable Amphiphiles, LB Films of Polymeric Amphiphiles, Potential Applications of LB Films, References, LEED Pattern Directory, D.G. Frank, Introduction and Theory, Introduction, Experimental, Basic Principles, Surface Dimensions from LEED Patterns, References, Hexagonal Surface Tabulations, Table of All Unit-Cells, Table of Primitive Unit-Cells, Table of Structures and LEED Patterns, Low-Energy Electron Diffraction: Some Basic Conceptual Tools, P.A. Thiel, Introduction, Definition of k and s, The Bragg Condition for a One-Dimensional Periodic Lattice, The Laue Condition for a One-Dimensional Periodic Lattice, Reciprocal Space Vectors, The Ewald Construction, The Typical LEED Experiment, Diffraction Profile as a Function of Island Size, Diffraction Profile in Terms of the Pair Correlation Function, Acknowledgements, References, Low-Energy Electron Microscopy, E. Bauer, Clean Surfaces: Morphology, Phase Transitions, Growth, Sublimation, Absorption, Segregation, Reactions, Thin Films: Growth, Structural Transitions, and The Interaction of Slow Electrons with Matter, Low-Energy Electron Microscopes, Resolution and Contrast, Applications, Desorption, Magnetic Microstructure, Outlook, References, Low Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy, S.H. Overbury, Introduction, Techniques, Fundamental Concepts in Ion Scattering, Application to Surface Imaging and Visualization, Acknowledgement, References, Magnetism in Low Dimensional Systems: Magnetic Properties of Thin Films, R. Wu, D. Wang, and A.J. Freeman, Summary, Introduction, Magnetic Moment Enhancement in Low-Dimensional Systems, Transition Metals, Rare Earth Metal Surface: Gd(0001), Interfacial Effects, 3d Overlayers on Inert Substrates, 3d Overlayers on Transition Metal Substrates, Possibility to Realize 4d Magnetism, Fermi-Contact Hyperfine Field, Spin Density at the Fermi Level, Magneto-Crystalline Anisotropy, Magneto-Optical Effects, Smoke, Magneitc Circular X-Ray Dichroism, Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References, Metal Clusters on Oxides, X. Xu and D.W. Goodman, Introduction, Preparation of Metal Clusters on an Oxide Support, Metal Cluster Properties, Cohesive Energy, Size, Structure, Catalytic Activity, Cluster-Oxide Interactions, Conclusion, Acknowledgement, References, Metal Surface Reconstructions, P.A. Thiel and P.J. Estrup, Introduction, Structural Features of Known Reconstructions, Clean Surface Transformations, Adsorbate-Induced Transformations, Driving Force, General Remarks, Clean Surface Transformations, Adsorbate or Field-Induced Transformations, Mechanism, General Rules, CO on Pt(100), Oxygen-Induced Added-Row Reconstructions, Phase Formation on W(100) and Mo(100), Summary, Acknowledgements, References, Molecular Beam Epitaxy, C.W. Tu, Introduction, In situ Monitoring and Control, RHEED, Reflection and Desorption Mass Spectroscopy, Pyrometric Interferometry, Gas Sources, Growth Behavior, Alternative Sources, Carbon-Doped p-Type GaAs and InGaAs by Halomethanes, Concluding Remarks, Acknowledgements, References, Molecular Beam Scattering: Diffraction, T. Engel, Advantages and Limits of the Utility of Atomic and Molecular Beam Diffraction, Experimental Aspects, Using Atom Diffraction to Obtain Atomic Structure within the Unit Cell, Atom Diffraction as a Probe of Surface Defects, Atom Diffraction as a Probe of Surface Phase Transitions: The Roughing Transition, Atom Diffraction as a Probe of Heteroepitaxial Growth: Metals on Metals, A Broader Framework and Outlook for the Future, References, Molecular Beam Scattering: Reactive Scattering, S.L. Bernasek, Introduction to the Technique, Experimental Aspects, Kinetic/Mechanistic Studies, Dynamic Studies, Conclusions and Prospects for the Future, References, Molecular Orbital Theory of Surfaces, A.B. Anderson, Introduction, How Surface Structures Are Calculated Using Molecular Orbital Theory, How Molecular Orbital Calculations Relate to Ionization, Optical, and Vibrational Spectroscopic Data, Surface Models for Molecular Orbital Calculations, Methods of Molecular Orbital Calculations, Concluding Comment, Acknowledgements, References, Molecular Orientation, M.P. Soriaga and R.J. Barriga, Introduction, Determination of Adsorbate Molecular Orientation, Determination Based upon a Comparison of Measured and Calculated Molecular Cross Sections, Determinations Based upon Surface Spectroscopy, Nature of Adsorbate Molecular Orientations, Reversible Adsorption: Adsorption Isotherms, Irreversible Adsorption: Surface Chemical Bonding, Acknowledgements, References, Monitoring Surface Chemistry with Optical Second Harmonic Generation, R.M. Corn and D.A. Higgins, Introduction, Experimental Considerations, Examples of SHG Surface Studies, Adsorption and Surface Coverage Measurements, Molecular Orientation Measurements, Surface Symmetry Measurements, Electric Field Measurements, Time Resolved Studies, Future Directions, Acknowledgements, References, Monolayer Surface Structures, G.A. Somorjai and J.D. Batteas, The Importance of Monolayer Surface Structures, Techniques for the Determination of Monolayer Structures, Low Energy Electron Diffraction, Photon Scattering and Diffraction, Scattering and Diffraction of Atoms and Ions, Scanning Probe Microscopies, Clean Surfaces, Relaxations, and Reconstructions, Atomic Adsorption on Metals, Molecular Overlayers on Metals, The Co-adsorption Phenomena, The Nature of Surface Chemical Bonding, An Outlook, Appendix I: Surface Structure Notation, References, Moessbauer Effect Spectroscopy, D.A. Scherson, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, J.F. HawBrief Description of the Method: Advantages and Limitations, Experimental Aspects, MES as a Probe of a Passive Film, MES as a Probe of an Electrochromic Film, MES as a Probe of an Electrocatalytic Mixed Metal Hydrous Oxide Film, References, Introduction, Spin Counting, Relaxation Time Measurements, Chemical Shift Spectroscopy, Broad Line Studies, Pulsed Field Gradient Measurements of Diffusion, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, In Situ NMR of Reactions on Surfaces, Future Prospects, Concluding Remarks, References, Optical Holographic Imaging, E.N. Leith, Introduction, Theory, Gabor Hologram, Off-Axis Method, Phase Conjugation, Complex Spatial Filtering, Holographic Interferometry, Holographic Optical Elements, Display Holography, Introduction, Volume Hologram, Rainbow Hologram, Integral Hologram, Concluding Comments, References, Optical Imaging of Particles, B.J. Thompson, Introduction, Incoherent Imaging, Image Space Parameters, Object Space Parameters, System with Constant Magnifications, Coherent Imaging, Holographic Imaging, Hologram of a Single Particle, Image Formation from the Hologram, System Design Considerations, Other Methods using Holography, Conclusions, References, Optically Detected Electron Spin Resonance of Aromatic Ketones Adsorbed on Surfaces, A.M. Nishimura, Introduction, Experimental, Results and Discussion: Al2O3; Ag; and Molecular Crystals, References, Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy, N.R. Armstrong, General Description of the OMBE Process, Experimental Aspects, Epitaxial Layer Growth of Large Organic Molecules-The First Monolayer, Epitaxial Layer Frowth of Large Organic Molecules-Multilayer Formation, Prospects for the Future of OMBE, References, Photoelectron Emission Microscopy, M.E. Kordesch, Introduction, Classification, Characteristics/Requirements, Areas of Application, Microscope Function, Principles of Operation, Image Composition, Microscopes, Early Microscopes, Integrated Surface Science Microscopes, Synchrotron Radiation Microscopes, Applications, In Situ Surface Chemistry, Materials Analysis, Related Techniques, Acknowledgements, References and Bibliography, Picosecond Luminescence Studies of Recombination Dynamics at GaAs/Electrolyte Interfaces, G.L. Richmond, J.F. Kauffman, and B.A. Balko, Introduction, Analysis of Photoluminescence Data, Modelling Potential Dependent Photoluminescence Using the Dead Layer, Modelling Photoluminescence Decays, Experimental Considerations, Results and Discussion, Potential Dependent Studies of Photoluminescence Intensity, Photoluminescence Decay Measurements, Luminescence Decays as a Function of Applied Potential, Photocorrosion Studies, Summary, Acknowledgements, References, Positron Annihilation Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy, A. Weiss, Introduction, The PAES Mechanism, PAES Apparatus, Secondary Electron Background Elimination, Surface Sensitivity, Theoretical Calculations, PAES Intensities, Measurement of the Temperature Dependence of PAES, Applications of PAES, Studies of Metal Overlayers, Pd Films on Cu(100), RH on Ag, Au on Si, Some Complications, Future PAES Research, Background Free Line Shape Measurements, Polarized Positron Annihilation Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy Spin Polarized Positron Annihilation Induced Auger Spectroscopy, PAES Microprobe, Acknowledgements, References, Radiotracer Study of Electrode Surfaces, M. Gamboa-Aldeco, K. Franaszszuk, and A. Wieckowski, General Description of the Method, Principles of Operation Radiochemical-Electrochemical Cell Designs, Thin-Foil (Film) Method, Thin-Gap Method, Evaluation of Experimental Error, Applications and Illustrations of the Method, Acknowledgements, References, Raman Spectroscopy of Surfaces, J.E. Pemberton, Introduction, Fundamentals of Raman Spectroscopy, Instrumental Considerations, A Brief History of surface Raman Spectroscopy, Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering(SERS), Normal Raman Surface Scattering, Integrated Optical Waveguide Raman Spectroscopy, Total Internal Reflection Spectroscopy, Resonance Raman Spectroscopy, Plasmon Surface Polariton Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy, Surface Selection Rules, Selected Examples of Raman Scattering on Metal Surfaces, Surface Raman Scattering in Electrochemical Systems, Self-Assembled Monolayers, The Future of Surface Raman Spectroscopy, Acknowledgements, References, Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy, A.J. Bard, F.-R.F. Fan, and M.V. Mirkin, Introduction, Instrumentation, Basic Apparatus, Tip Preparation, Theory of the SECM, Applications, SECM Images, Studies of Heterogeneous Kinetics at Substrate and Tip Surfaces, Probing Interfacial Films, Potentiometric Probes, References, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Electrode Surfaces in Situ, K. Itaya, Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Well-Defined Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces, Metal Electrodes, Semiconductor Electrodes, Conclusions, References, Scanning X-Ray Photoelectron Microscopy (SXPEM), G.A. Garwood, Jr., Introduction and Overview, Purpose of Chapter, SXPEM in Context, Scope of Chapter, Instruction in SXPEM, Tutorial on Technique, Instrumental Aspects, Potpourri of Applications, Inside the Literature, General Guide, Specific References, Landmarks and Milestones, Instruments and Applications, Scan Analyzer, X-Ray Microprobe, Parallel-Direct, Other Approaches, Imminent Prospects, Innovations and Improvements, Integration and Synergism, Acknowledgements, References, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, J.A. Gardella, Jr., Overview of the SIMS Experiments, Information Sought from SIMS Experiments, Dynamic SIMS, Static, The Study of Thin Organic Films, The Study of Polymers and Polymer Surfaces, Imaging Static SIMS of Organic Surface Chemistry, Analysis of Buried Organic Interfaces, Prospects for Future Applications, References, Self-Assembled Monolayers: Models for Organic Surface Chemistry, G.M. Whitesides and C.B. Gorman, Introduction, Preparations and Types of Self-Assembled Monolayers, Structural Characterization, Materials Properties, Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers, Contact Printing, Micro-Writing, Micro-Machining, Photolithography, Electron-Beam Writing, Applications, Wetting, Substrates for Surface Spectroscopy, Electrochemistry, Micro-Lithography and Nanometer Resists, Adhesion, Corrosion, Tribology, Attachment of Proteins, Attachment of Cells, Electrochemical Sensors, Non-Electrochemical Sensors, Multilayer Systems for Optical Coatings, Conclusions, Acknowlegement, References, Self-Assembled Monolayers: Models of Organic Interfaces, M.D. Porter and M.M. Walczak, Introduction, Sulfur-Containing Compounds at Gold, General Details, Wettability and Adhesion, Barrier Properties, Manipulation of Reactions, Self-Assembly of Multilayer Films, Future Directions, Acknowledgements, References, Semiconductor Thin Film Growth Dynamics during Molecular Beam Epitaxy, B.A. Joyce, Introduction, Growth Kinetics of III-V Compounds from Elemental Sources, Step Propagation Rates, Step Density Variation, Anisotropic Effects, Surface Relaxation Effects, Other Experimental Approaches, Growth of GaAs on GaAs (110) Surfaces, Growth Dynamics of Strained Layers, Acknowledgements, References, Sum Frequency Generation Studies of Bonding and Reaction at Interfaces, R.B. Hall, Introduction, Theory, Experimental Methods, Experimental Results, Vibrational Spectra of Adsorbates at Dielectric Interfaces, Vibrational Spectra of Adsorbates at Metal and Semiconductor Interfaces, Electronic Structure at Solid/Solid Interfaces, Overview and Outlook for the Future, References, Surface Catalysis on Metals, F.H. Ribeiro and G.A. Somorjai, Introduction, Definitions and Important Topics in Catalysis, Definition of Catalysis, Transition Metals are Good Catalysts, Understanding Catalysis by Theoretical Approaches, Turnover Rate and Selectivity, Sensitivity of Reactions to Catalyst Structure, Catalytic Surfaces, Catalysis is to be Studied Under Reaction Conditions, Adsorbed Species Under Reaction Conditions, Characterization of Catalysts, Kinetics, Modification of Catalytic Properties by Additives, The Frontiers, References, Surfaced Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Flexible Molecules, R.L. Garrell, Introduction, Background, Experimental Aspects, Selection Rules and Spectral Analysis, Applications, Simple Molecules and Surfactants, Biological Molecules, Polymers, Outlook, References, Surface Forces, J.N. Israelachvili, Introduction, Force-Measuring Techniques, Adhesion Forces, Force Laws, The Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), Van der Waals Forces, Electrostatic Forces, Solvation Forces, Effects of Surface Structure, Effect of Surface Curvature and Geometry, Steric Thermal Fluctuation Forces, Hydration Forces, Repulsive Hydration Forces, Attractive Hyrophobic Forces, Origin of Hydration Forces, Adhesion and Capillary Forces, Adhesion Mechanics, Non-Equilibrium Interactions, Specific Interactions, Bridging Forces, Ligand-Receptor Interactions, Concluding Remarks, Acknowledgements, References, Thermal Desorption Mass Spectrometry, C.N. Chittenden, E.D. Pylant, A.L. Schwaner, and J.M. White, Introduction, Experimental Issues, Surface Preparation and Characterization, Molecular Dosing, Adsorbate Coverage Determination, Heating Methods, Uniformity, and Rates, Measurements that Complement TPD, Analysis of TPD Spectra-Modeling Kinetics, Redhead's Method of Peak Analysis, Leading Edge Analysis, Chan-Aris-Weinberg Analysis, Desorption Trace Analysis, Complete Analysis, Examples of TPD Analysis Methods, Acknowledgements, References, Tunneling Spectroscopy, B. Parkinson, Background, Voltage Dependent STM Imaging, Modulation Techniques, Local I-V Measurements, Other Spectroscopic Techniques, Overview, References, Vibrational Microspectroscopy for the Analysis of Surfaces and Particles on Surfaces, P.L. Lang, Chapter Purpose, The Study of Microscopic Regions on Surfaces, Adsorbate Orientation Study, Tribology Study, Characterization of Surface Contaminants, Identification of Pigments on Historic Artifacts, Surface Profiling, Study of Catalyst Surface, Study of Stress Transfer, Two-Dimensional Study of Phase Transformation, Depth Profiling, Cross-Sectioning and Physical Removal of Layers, Step-Wise Adjustment of Focus, Sampling Convenience and Control of Experimental Conditions, Control of Pressure and Temperature, Reduction of Sample Quantity, Ease of Use, Summary, References, X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction, Y.U. Idzerda, Introduction, The XPD Measurement, Data Representation, Final-Site Effects, Emitted Electron Angular Momentum, Magnetic Quantum Numbers, Non-Statistical Initial m-Levels, Non-Statistical Final m-Levels, Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References, X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, P.M.A. Sherwood, Introduction, The Information Provided by XPS, Instrumentation for XPS, Obtaining Accurate Electron Binding Energies, Surface Sensitivity, Data Analysis and Instrument Control, Chemical Information from Core XPS, Chemical Information from Valence Band XPS, Concluding Comments, References, X-Ray Standing Waves on Surfaces, H.D. Abruna, Introduction, X-Ray Standing Waves Based on Bragg Reflection, Total External Reflection X-Ray Standing Waves, Experimental Aspects, Data Analysis, Selected Examples, Bromine Adsorption on Si (220), Packing Density and Potential Dependent Distributional Changes of Iodine on Pt, X-Ray Standing Wave Study of a Langmuir-Blodgett Multilayer Film, Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References